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Singapore

Singapore [/ˈsɪŋ[ɡ]əpɔːr/ [listen]], officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude [137 kilometres or 85 miles] north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordering the Strait of Malacca to the west, the Singapore Strait to the south, the South China Sea to the east, and the Straits of Johor to the north. The country's territory is composed of one main island, 63 satellite islands and islets, and one outlying islet; the combined area of these has increased by 25% since the country's independence as a result of extensive land reclamation projects. It has the third highest population density in the world. With a multicultural population and recognising the need to respect cultural identities of the major ethnic groups within the nation, Singapore has four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. English is the lingua franca and numerous public services are available only in English.

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Transport within Singapore is mainly land-based. Many parts of Singapore, including islands such as Sentosa and Jurong Island are accessible by road. The other major form of transportation within Singapore is rail: the Mass Rapid Transit [MRT] which runs the length and width of Singapore, and the Light Rail Transit [LRT] which runs within a few neighbourhoods. The main island of Singapore is connected to the other islands by ferryboat services. Public transport [public buses, public MRT and LRT rail networks] is the most common type of transportation within the city-state and public transport is fully integrated by the Land Transport Authority [LTA], with state ownership and public financing of the public infrastructure and public capital assets of railways and buses [whilst the running and maintenance of the railways and buses are tendered to bidding operator companies on contract]. Private transport [consiting of cars, motorcycles, commercial vehicles] is less commonly used as due to limited land space of the densely-populated country, the Land Transport Authority [LTA] has controlled and limited the private vehicle population in the country, through the Vehicle Quota System [VQS] ownership market-based license auctions since 1990. There are two bridges which link Singapore to Malaysia – the Causeway, and the Second Link. The Singapore Changi Airport is a major aviation hub in Asia. Singapore is also notable for being one of the world's busiest transshipment ports. Singapore has a road system covering 3,356 kilometres [2,085 mi], which includes 161 kilometres [100 mi] of expressways. The Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, implemented in 1975, became the world's first congestion pricing scheme, and included other complementary measures such as stringent car ownership quotas and improvements in mass transit. Upgraded in 1998 and renamed Electronic Road Pricing [ERP], the system introduced electronic toll collection, electronic detection, and video surveillance technology. Singapore's public transport network is shaped up with trains [consisting of the MRT and LRT systems], buses and taxis. There are currently six MRT lines [North South MRT line, East West MRT line, North East MRT line, Circle MRT line, Downtown MRT line and Thomson-East Coast MRT line], three LRT lines serving the neighbourhoods of Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang [Bukit Panjang LRT line], Sengkang [Sengkang LRT line] and Punggol [Punggol LRT line], and more than 300 bus routes in operation. Taxis are a popular form of transport as the fares are relatively affordable when compared to many other developed countries, whilst cars in Singapore are the most expensive to own worldwide. The Johor–Singapore Causeway [connecting Singapore with Johor Bahru, Malaysia] is the busiest international land border crossing in the world, whereby approximately 350,000 travellers cross the border checkpoints of both Woodlands Checkpoint and Sultan Iskandar Building daily [with an annual total of 128 million travellers]. The Land Transport Authority [LTA] is responsible for all land transport-related infrastructure and operations in Singapore.
Road transport.
Singapore pioneered congestion pricing [the market-based usage management of public roads to reduce congestion at specific times within the city centre and certain expressways], with the Singapore Area Licensing Scheme, which has since been replaced with the Electronic Road Pricing, a form of electronic toll collection. Total length of expressways: 164 km
Total length of major arterial roads: 576 km
Total length of collector roads: 704 km
Total length of local access roads: 2056 km [as of 2017]
Traffic drives on the left which is typical in Commonwealth countries.
All expressways, plus the semi-expressways in Singapore The planning, construction and maintenance of the road network is fully conducted by the Land Transport Authority [LTA], and this extends to expressways in Singapore. These form key transport arteries between the distinct towns and regional centres as laid out in Singapore's urban planning, with the main purpose of allowing vehicles to travel from satellite towns to the city centre and vice versa in the shortest possible distance. These expressways include:
Ayer Rajah Expressway [AYE]
Bukit Timah Expressway [BKE]
Central Expressway [CTE]
East Coast Parkway [ECP]
Marina Coastal Expressway [MCE]
Kallang–Paya Lebar Expressway [KPE]
Kranji Expressway [KJE]
Pan Island Expressway [PIE]
Seletar Expressway [SLE]
Tampines Expressway [TPE]
North–South Corridor [scheduled opening in 2026]
The influence of expressways on Singapore's transport policy developed shortly after independence during the history of Singapore because of frequent traffic congestion in the Central district. The aim was to encourage residential development in other parts of the island and give residents in these new "satellite towns" a convenient link between their homes and their workplaces [which were mostly situated around the city centre.]
Private cars
As of 2018, there was a total of 957,006 motor vehicles in Singapore, with 509,302 of them being private cars. Private transport [cars, motorcycles, commercial vehicles] is less commonly used as due to limited land space of the country, the Land Transport Authority [LTA] has limited and controlled the population of privately-owned vehicles in the country, through the Vehicle Quota System [VQS] ownership market-based license auctions since 1990. As a result, private vehicles are prohibitively expensive and Singapore is known to be most expensive country in the world to own a car.* prospective private vehicle owners are required to market bid on a Certificate of Entitlement [COE] sold under auction [valid for 10-years, as of January 2023 COEs are priced at more than S$100,000 for car owners, more than S$75,000 for commercial vehicle owners and more than S$10,000 for motorcycle owners] and pay the Additional Registration Fee [ARF] tax imposed at 100-320% of the open market value [OMV] of the vehicle, among other fees. As a result of the aforementioned taxes, on-the-road car prices in Singapore are approximately 5 times of the on-the-road car prices in Western countries. Buses
Bus transport forms a significant part of public transport in Singapore, with over 4.0 million rides taken per day on average as of 2019. There are more than 365 scheduled bus services, operated by SBS Transit, SMRT Buses, Tower Transit Singapore and Go-Ahead Singapore. There are also around 5,800 buses, majority of which are single-deck and double-deck, and a minority of articulated buses currently in operation. Since 2016, the Land Transport Authority regulates the public bus service standards and owns relevant assets whereas bus operators bid for operating bus services via competitive tendering, under its Bus Contracting Model. Taxis and PHVs
Taxis and private hire vehicles [PHV] are a popular form of transport, with fares considered low compared to those in most cities in developed countries. Starting rates were $3.20 - $3.90. As of March 2019, the taxi and private hire car population has been increased to 83,037. Taxis may be flagged down at any time of the day along any public road outside of the Central Business District [CBD], while private hire cars may be booked via ridesharing apps. Causeway and link bridge
Singapore has two land links to Malaysia. The Johor-Singapore Causeway, built in the 1920s to connect Johor Bahru in Johor, Malaysia to Woodlands in Singapore, carries a road and a railway line. The Tuas Second Link, a bridge further west, was completed in 1996 and links Tuas in Singapore to Tanjung Kupang in Johor.

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Singapore Border Crossings

AllTrafficCams.com presents Singapore Border Crossings. Your handy map to find all the checkpoints you need when travelling.

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Singapore – Indonesia border.
The Indonesia–Singapore border is a maritime boundary in the Straits of Singapore between Indonesia's Riau Islands which lie to the south of the border, and the islands of Singapore which lie to the north. The Straits of Singapore is one of the region's busiest waterways as it is the main channel for Singapore's ports. Only a portion of the maritime border between the two countries has been determined. The remaining parts, especially those lying to the east of the delimited boundary, may require the involvement of Malaysia as the country also possesses territorial waters in the area. Singapore - Indonesia border crossings‎: Batam Center Ferry Terminal‎, Batam Harbour Bay Ferry Terminal‎, Port of Sekupang‎.
Singapore – Malaysia border.
The Malaysia–Singapore border is an international maritime border between the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia, which lies to the north of the border, and Singapore to the south. The boundary is formed by straight lines between maritime geographical coordinates running along or near the deepest channel of the Straits of Johor. The western portion of the border beyond that delimited by the 1995 agreement goes into the western section of the Straits of Singapore while the eastern portion of the border beyond the eastern terminus of the defined border continues into the eastern section of the straits. Outside the border defined by the 1995 agreement, there is still no formal agreement between the two countries to delimit their common borders and this has resulted in several overlapping claims. Singapore claims a territorial sea limit that extends up to 12 nautical miles and an exclusive economic zone (EEZ), while Malaysia claims a 12 nautical-mile (22 km) territorial sea limit.
Following the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decision on 23 May 2008 over Pedra Branca which recognised Singapore's sovereignty on the island, the new portion of the Malaysia–Singapore maritime eastern border around the island will also need to be determined. The island lies 24 nautical miles (44 km) from the easternmost point of Singapore, and 7.7 nautical miles (14.3 km) southeast of the Malaysian coastline. There are two structural crossings along the border. They are the Johor–Singapore Causeway and the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link (officially known as Tuas Second Link in Singapore). There are also international ferry and bumboat services between Pengerang at the southeastern tip of Johor, Malaysia and Changi at the eastern end of Singapore.
Singapore - Malaysia border crossings‎: Changi Village, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru, Johor Bahru Sentral station, Johor–Singapore Causeway, Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990, Malaysia–Singapore Second Link, Malaysia–Singapore Third Crossing, Pengerang, Southern Integrated Gateway, Sultan Abu Bakar Complex, Sultan Iskandar Building, Tanjong Pagar railway station, Tanjung Kupang, Tuas, Woodlands Checkpoint, Woodlands Train Checkpoint, Woodlands, Singapore.

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