United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in northwestern Europe on the coast of continental Europe. It includes England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.The United Kingdom consists of the island of Great Britain, the northeastern part of the island of Ireland and most of the smaller islands of the British Isles, with an area of 94,354 square miles (244,376 km²). The United Kingdom is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. It retains sovereignty over the British Overseas Territories, which extend across various oceans and seas around the world. The United Kingdom had a population of over 68.2 million people in 2023. The capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom is London. The cities of Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Roads - Highways in Spain.
The radial road network comprises 46,904 km of primary roads,3,497 km of motorways and 344,000 km of paved roads.The M25 motorway,which encircles London,is the largest and busiest ring road in the world.In 2022,there were a total of 40.8 million registered vehicles in the UK.
In 2006,the British road network consisted of 12,225 km of primary roads (including 3,502 km of motorways),38,074 km of secondary roads (including 55 km of motorways),114,656 km of B and C roads and 233,382 km of unclassified roads (mainly local roads and side roads) – a total of 398,350 km.
Road transport is the most popular mode of transport in the United Kingdom.Over 90% of motorised passenger transport and 65% of domestic freight transport is carried by road.Major motorways and expressways,many of them dual carriageways,form the main road network connecting all major towns and cities.They carry around a third of national traffic and cover around 0.16% of the country's land area.
The motorway network has been built since the 1950s.National Highways (a company owned by the UK government) is responsible for the maintenance of motorways and trunk roads in England.The remaining English roads are maintained by local authorities.In Scotland and Wales,roads are the responsibility of Transport Scotland,an executive agency of the Scottish Government,and of the North and Mid Wales Trunk Roads Agent and the South Wales Trunk Roads Agent on behalf of the Welsh Government.Northern Ireland's roads are overseen by the Department for Roads and Infrastructure (DfI Roads).In London,Transport for London is responsible for all major roads and other major routes that form part of the Transport for London Road Network.Toll roads are rare in the United Kingdom,but there are a number of toll bridges.Traffic congestion is considered a key issue for the future prosperity of the United Kingdom.The government is therefore investigating and developing strategies and measures to reduce congestion.In 2003,the first toll motorway in the United Kingdom,the M6 Toll,opened in the West Midlands to relieve congestion on the M6 motorway.In his 2006 report,"The Role of Transport in Supporting UK Productivity and Competitiveness",Rod Eddington recommended tackling congestion with a "sophisticated policy mix" consisting of congestion-focused road pricing and improving the capacity and performance of the transport network through investment in infrastructure and better use of the existing network.Congestion charging systems already exist in the cities of London and Durham,as well as at the Dartford junction.
Driving is on the left.The maximum speed limit for cars and motorcycles is 70 mph (110 km/h) on motorways and dual carriageways.On 29 April 2015,the United Kingdom's Supreme Court ruled that the government must take immediate action to reduce air pollution,following a case brought by environmental lawyers at ClientEarth.
Bus transport is widespread and local bus services cover the entire country.Since deregulation,the majority (80% by the late 1990s) of these local bus companies have been taken over by one of the "Big Five" private transport companies: Arriva,FirstGroup,Go-Ahead Group,Mobico Group and Stagecoach Group.In Northern Ireland,bus (and rail) services remain state-owned and are provided by Translink.Cities and regions such as Manchester and Nottingham have publicly owned bus and other transport networks..
However, most of the situations listed here apply only to the oldest motorways and primarily to the radial roads A-1 to A-6 and the A-42 near their endpoints. These were the first to be upgraded to expressways (with at-grade intersections) in the 1960s and to limited-access expressways in the 1970s and 1980s. The old route remained largely unchanged, except where the old national road entered built-up areas. In these cases, the motorway bypassed the town in a so-called variant, so that the old national road served as the access road between the motorway and the built-up area.
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